“The Eclipse of God in the Modern Era” is one of the most important theological challenges of the modern age, which examines the extent of God’s epistemic presence and how contemporary humans encounter Him. Martin Buber (1878-1965), a prominent theorist in this field, presented a new interpretation of the doctrine of the eclipse of God with the aim of reviving spirituality in the modern era. The present essay, understanding the importance and necessity of this issue and its influential position in modern theology, and with the aim of examining this doctrine in Buber’s thought, attempts to explain and evaluate the what, why, and how of the eclipse of God using a descriptive-analytical method. Through this research, it becomes clear that the “eclipse of God” is an epistemic-experiential theory pertaining to the modern era that has taken shape following factors such as rationalism, a focus on religious law, secular humanism, and the phenomenon of the Holocaust, in the shadow of which the “I-It” relationship has been replaced by the “I-Thou” relationship. Among the strengths of Buber’s theory, one can mention comprehensiveness, systematicity, coherence, a concern for the revival of religious spirituality in the contemporary world, attention to the element of witnessing, and emphasis on the connection between theology and self-knowledge. However, it also suffers from shortcomings such as internal inconsistency in the realm of inexpressibility, denial of the epistemic value of intellectual knowledge, the lack of a philosophical system for the eclipse of God, and the conflation of adherence to religious law with the sufficiency of religious law.